Compare air-source, ground-source, and water-source heat pumps based on efficiency, installation cost, and climate suitability for optimal heating and cooling solutions.
Heat pumps provide efficient heating and cooling by transferring heat rather than generating it. With multiple types available, choosing the right system depends on climate, home size, and budget. This guide compares all major heat pump categories with real-world examples.
Air-Source Heat Pumps (Most Common)
Air-source systems extract heat from outdoor air. They work in most climates but lose efficiency below freezing temperatures.
Ducted Split Systems
- Uses existing ductwork
- Average cost: $4,000-$8,000 installed
- Minimum 14.3 SEER2 rating required
Packaged Units
- All components in one outdoor unit
- Ideal for homes without attics/crawlspaces
- Costs 10-15% less than split systems
Example: The Rheem RP20 achieves 20 SEER with inverter technology.
Cold Climate Heat Pumps
Specialized units maintain efficiency below 0°F using:
| Feature | Benefit |
|---|---|
| Variable-speed compressors | Adjusts output for temperature changes |
| Enhanced vapor injection | Boosts heating capacity by 30% at 5°F |
According to U.S. Department of Energy, cold climate models can reduce heating costs by 50% compared to electric resistance heat.
Ground-Source (Geothermal) Heat Pumps
These systems exchange heat with the ground through:
Vertical Loops
- 300-500 ft deep boreholes
- Ideal for small lots
- $20,000-$30,000 installed
Horizontal Loops
- 6-10 ft deep trenches
- Requires more land area
- Costs 25% less than vertical
Example: The WaterFurnace 7 Series achieves 41 EER with desuperheater for hot water.
Ductless Mini-Split Systems
Ideal for homes without ducts or room additions:
- Single-zone (1 indoor unit): $3,000-$5,000
- Multi-zone (up to 8 indoor units): $10,000+
- 30% more efficient than window ACs
According to AHRI, ductless systems maintain 100% capacity down to 5°F when properly sized.
Hybrid (Dual Fuel) Systems
Combines heat pump with gas furnace:
| Temperature | Active Component |
|---|---|
| Above 40°F | Heat pump only |
| Below 40°F | Gas furnace engages |
Best for areas with both cold winters and high electricity rates. The Trane XV20i hybrid system achieves 20 SEER with 96% AFUE furnace backup.
